Bioanalysis includes retrieving materials from creatures and plants. These materials can be looted from creature after they're killed or looted from plants on many different planets in the galaxy.
Scavenging emcompasses the ability to loot materials from old pieces of damaged technology. These materials are crucial to creating items through your crafting crew skills.
Slicing gives you the ability to "hack" into secured computer systems and also lockboxes to retrieve and steal information and blueprints. These can act as "Recipes" to create items through your crafting crew skills.
Archaeology will be mainly used to mine crystal nodes.